In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant temperatures significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete development at 18 °C, the lowest temperature tested. The mean developmental duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete development above the lower threshold temperature (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The mean longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. Mean total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstrated that different constant temperatures had a significant effect on the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and generation time (T). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) improved with temperature from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher temperatures. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing temperature. The optimal temperature for development and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the potential to be utilized in integrated management programs targeting H. armigera.

This study was carried out to optimize in vitro micropropagation of fig tree cultivar Sabz. Initially, a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment consisting of different concentrations of cefotaxime was performed to identify the best antibiotic treatment to control internal bacterial infections. In the establishment stage, a CRD-factorial experiment included two culture media (MS and WPM), and different concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1) were performed to select the best establishment treatment. After four weeks, SURVIVAL rate PERCENTAGE, leaf number, and stem length indices were evaluated. In the shoot proliferation stage, MS salt medium enriched with different concentrations of BAP (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1) in combination with IBA (0, and 0.1 mg L-1) were used. The results revealed that internal bacterial infections were successfully eliminated using 100 mg L-1 cefotaxime. In addition, the highest established explant rate (100%) was observed in the MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, which was significantly higher than the WPM medium (76.49%). Also, the results showed that the most significant number of proliferated shoots and leaf numbers were observed in treatments of 2 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA and 2 mg L-1 BAP (2.90 and 2.41 shoots, and 7.77 and 6.78 leaves, respectively). In addition, the highest shoot length was seen in treatments of 1 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA, control and 1 mg L-1 BAP (1.96, 1.48, and 1.51, respectively).

Introduction: Success in tissue culture technique, especially in bulbous plants, depends on the microbial contamination control during in vitro culture. Applying different treatments, such as heat treatment and usage of fungicides, can control the microbial contamination and consequently increase the PERCENTAGE of explant SURVIVAL. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effect of heat treatment and fungicide on reducing the contamination during in vitro culture of narcissus. So, an experiment was done as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors, including benomyl concentration in the medium (1 and 2 g/l) and heat treatments (two levels, with and without heat treatment), with 10 replications. In order to sterilizing the plant materials, damaged and infected scales were removed firstly and then bulbs were washed for 30 minutes with running tab water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid. For applying heat treatment, bulbs were divided into two groups. In the first group, heat treatment was not applied and in the second group heat treatment 54 ° C was applied for one hour using water bath. After this step, bulbs surface were sterilized by dipping in 70% ethanol for one minute and rinsed with sterile distilled water, followed by immersing in 1. 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 30 min. After sterilization with sodium hypochlorite solution, bulbs were washed three times with sterile distilled water under laminar air flow hood. After sterilization step, bulbs were cut into 32 twin scales explants and cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 0. 2 mg/l NAA + benomyl (1 or 2 g/l). After 30 days, the response of explants (number of produced bulbs, PERCENTAGE of explant SURVIVAL, PERCENTAGE of bacterial contamination, PERCENTAGE of fungal contamination, PERCENTAGE of browning) was evaluated. Data preparation was done in the Excel program and data analysis was done using JMP-8 software. Mean comparison of the treatments was done by LSD test and finally the charts were drawn using the Excel program. Results and Discussion: The results showed that increasing the concentration of benomyl in the medium and applying heat treatment had negative effect on regeneration potential of explants, so that the maximum regeneration mean were observed when heat treatment was not applied for explants and medium contains 1 g/l benomyl. Using the heat treatment and application of 2 g/l benomyl in the medium leads to the lowest regeneration amount. On the other hand, evaluating the browning PERCENTAGE of explants showed that the effect of treatments was significant in this trait. Applying the heat treatment and using 2 g/l benomyl in the medium had severe effect on the increasing of explant browning and the maximum mean was observed in this treatment. But reducing the benomyl concentration in the medium and none application of heat treatment caused the lowest amount of explant browning. Contamination PERCENTAGE that includes bacterial and fungal contamination is an important parameter in this study. Explants that cultured in the medium containing 1 g/l benomyl and applying heat treatment showed the highest contamination PERCENTAGE, which contains 21% fungal and 14% bacterial contamination. The lowest PERCENTAGE of contamination was observed when heat treatment applied and medium contains 2 g/l benomyl. However, this treatment caused the highest PERCENTAGE of explant browning that lead to reduction of explants regeneration potential. Researches showed that the use of fungicides can help to control tissue culture contamination and according to previous studies, benomyl is the most effective treatment against fungal infection. As benomyl is considered as a systemic fungicide, so it is useful to eliminate the internal fungus. On the other hand, there are some reports about the positive effect of heat treatment on the control of tissue culture contamination. As regards this investigations were done in 1914 to 1997 and then stopped, so it seems that application of this treatment had no sufficient efficiency for contamination control during in vitro condition. Conclusion: Therefore, by considering the browning, regeneration and contamination PERCENTAGE, non-application of heat treatment and usage of 1g/l benomyl fungicide in the medium for in vitro culture of Narcissus twin scales explants is recommended.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted semen temperatures (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and sperm penetration (SP) rate in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and SP rate of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the temperature of 5 °C of diluted semen compared to the 25 °C, increased PERCENTAGE of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest PERCENTAGE of fertility and SP rate were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest PERCENTAGE of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.

Introduction: Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) is a medicinal plant from Brassicaceae family which also known as a weed for winter cereals and oil seed rape. Low temperatures are one of the most important abiotic stresses that threat Flixweed growth and productivity….

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Considering the adverse effects of storage insect pests and their resistance to chemical insecticides, identifying safe, cost-effective, and durable methods to control and reduce storage pest-induced damage appears essential. Utilizing diatomaceous earth is one alternative to chemical pesticides for controlling stored-product insect pests. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of diatomaceous earth at a concentration of 0.2 mg/cm2 against two stored-products insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica F. and Tribolium confusum Jacqulin Duval, on concrete, mosaic, and galvanized steel surfaces. To this end, the surfaces were treated with different diatomaceous earth formulations, including a commercial formulation, SilicoSec®, an Iranian formulation, Dryasil, Dryasil + 0.05% Mentha longifolia L. extract, and talcum powder + 0.05% M. longifolia extract. Mortality was measured 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. The experiment was conducted at 27 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and dark conditions. The experiments were performed in nine replications (10 adults in each replication). The mortality PERCENTAGE of R. dominica 7 days after treatment with Silicosec®, Dryasil alone, Dryasil + 0.05% M. longifolia extract, and talcum powder + 0.05% M. longifolia extract on galvanized steel were 43.33, 54.44, 33.33, and 25.55%, respectively. The results indicated that the mortality PERCENTAGE of T. confusum on galvanized steel was 35.55, 45.55, 26.66, and 23.33%, respectively. The mortality of T. confusum was lower than that of R. dominica adults. Results indicated that the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth increased over time. Diatomaceous earth alone had a more significant insecticidal effect than combining them with M. longifolia extract. The highest PERCENTAGE of mortality in all treatments was found on the galvanized steel, mosaic, followed by concrete surfaces, respectively. Therefore, Dryasil formulation can be used to control stored-products pests in grain silos, although its insecticidal efficacy varies based on surface type

Background: Vascular access (VA) is a prerequisite for initiation of hemodialysis (HD) in patients with end- stage renal disease (ESRD). Frequency and potency of V A types are varibus in different societies. We have done this study to achieve this goal. Materials and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was performed over two months (august and September 2003) iq four HD centers in Isfahan, Iran. All of the patients who were treated with HD for more than 1 month were studied for the number, type of V A and some demographic factors. The questionnaires were completed at the patient"s bedside. Results: There were 320 patients. (199 male and 121 female). Mean age was 50.64± years. Among 412 permanent VAs which were created in the duration of HD, only 4 and 7 of them were graft and dual _ lumen cuffed catheters, respectively. All of the others were arterio venous fistula (AVF).The mean number of created permanent VAs in females was more than males. It was increased by some factors such as increasing the duration of HD, increasing the interval between creating permanent VA and initiation of HD. Although the latest was not statistically significant. 1 Year, 2-year, 3-year and 5- year SURVIVAL of AVF was 80%, 78%, 73% and 69%, respectively. Primary failure of AVF was. 13%. Conclusion: Regarding the statistics of other centers, SURVIVAL of AVF was low in Isfahan. The prevalence of grafts & dual - lumen cuffed catheters is lower than other countries. The majority of our patients use AVF as a VA. The earlier the patient is encouraged to create a permanent VA before initiation of HD, the AVF SURVIVAL is higher.

Extended abstract Background: Salinity stress is one of the environmental stresses that significantly affects the growth of crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. With the expansion of salinity, using saline lands for agricultural production has become a significant challenge. Lentil grows in various climatic conditions; however, this plant is sensitive to saline stress. Using saline-tolerant lentil cultivars can help increase production and efficiency in saline soils due to biological nitrogen fixation. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of salinity tolerance in 215 lentil genotypes and select superior genotypes tolerant to salinity. Methods: This study was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2017. In this experiment, 215 lentil genotypes were studied using a completely randomized design with three replications under hydroponic conditions at 12 dS.m-1 sodium chloride salinity. Salinity stress was applied one week after germination. The irrigation method was closed-circuit trickle irrigation. The nutrient solution was replaced weekly, and the salinity level of the nutrient solution was monitored and adjusted daily. Four weeks after the saline treatment, the following parameters were measured and recorded in the vegetative stage: plant height, the number of branches per plant, plant SURVIVAL rate, the SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE of leaves, the PERCENTAGE of shed leaves, shoot fresh and dry weights, and sodium and potassium contents of shoot. After conducting the data normality test and homogeneity of variances, the means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level. Cluster analysis using the Ward method, factor analysis, correlation between traits, and the by-plot were performed on the data. The performed grouping was validated through a multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis. Additionally, to examine the differences between groups in terms of various traits, the means of the groups were compared for the investigated traits. Results: The evaluation of the frequency distribution of lentil genotypes in SURVIVAL ranges showed that 12% of the genotypes (25 genotypes) had a SURVIVAL rate of upper 80%, 15 genotypes of which had a SURVIVAL rate of 100%. On the other hand, 36% of the genotypes (78 genotypes) had a SURVIVAL rate of less than 20%, with 39 genotypes showing no SURVIVAL four weeks after 12 dSm-1 salinity stress. In the range of 100-81% SURVIVAL, six genotypes were at the podding stage. Plant height decreased with a decrease in the SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE due to salinity stress. The highest PERCENTAGE of remaining leaves and the lowest amount of leaf shedding were observed in the three SURVIVAL ranges of 100-81%, 80-61%, and 60-41%. With a decrease in the SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE from 100-81% to 80-61%, 60-41%, and 20-0%, the dry weight of the plant decreased by 13.5%, 22.7%, 36.6%, and 2.03 times, respectively. The tissue water content only significantly decreased in the SURVIVAL range of 20-0%, and there was no significant difference in this parameter in the other SURVIVAL ranges. With a decrease in the SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE from 100-81% to 80-61%, 60-41%, and 20-0%, sodium concentrations increased by 36%, 48%, 62%, and 2.8 times, respectively. Based on factor analysis under salinity stress conditions, three factors were selected that altogether accounted for 74.4 % of the total data variance. Factor analysis showed that the first factor explained approximately 45.98 % of the variance, which included the PERCENTAGE of SURVIVAL, growth stage, plant height, branches number per plant, shoot fresh and dry weights, relative water content with negative loading, sodium concentration, and sodium to potassium ratio with positive loading. The second factor explained approximately 20.1% of the variance, which included the SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE of leaves with a positive loading and the PERCENTAGE of shed leaves with a negative loading. The third factor accounted for 4.8% of the variance, which included potassium concentration with a positive loading. Cluster analysis results showed that the 215 lentil genotypes were grouped into eight plotted groups. The results of discriminant function analysis showed that 92.6% of genotypes were correctly classified, and the success rate of the discriminant function was 100% in groups six, seven, and eight. Genotypes of the cluster sixth, including MLC25, MLC47, MLC64, and MLC77, had the highest values in all studied traits, including SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE and growth stage, plant height, branches number per plant, leaf SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE, shoot fresh and dry weights, relative water content, and potassium concentration, while they had the lowest values in the PERCENTAGE of shed leaves, sodium concentration, and the sodium to potassium ratio. Conclusion: Generally, genotypes MLC25, MLC47, MLC64, and MLC77 had the highest values for all studied traits, including SURVIVAL PERCENTAGE, growth stage, plant height, the number of lateral branches, the PERCENTAGE of remaining leaves, fresh and dry weights of shoot, tissue water content, and potassium concentration, while they had the lowest PERCENTAGE of leaf shedding, sodium concentration, and the Na/K ratio. Considering the superiority of these genotypes in the studied traits, genotypes belonging to this group can be used to study the superior traits in complementary salinity stress studies.